{"id":5296,"date":"2026-01-14T10:59:38","date_gmt":"2026-01-14T09:59:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/healthy-cities.com\/?p=5296"},"modified":"2026-01-14T11:05:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T10:05:07","slug":"bridging-urban-planning-and-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/healthy-cities.com\/es\/2026\/01\/14\/bridging-urban-planning-and-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Uniendo la planificaci\u00f3n urbana y la salud"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Casi todas las pol\u00edticas y acciones de planificaci\u00f3n urbana tienen un impacto en la salud humana. Pensemos en carreteras con mucho tr\u00e1fico y contaminantes, calles intransitables o el acceso a tiendas que venden frutas y verduras frescas. Al incorporar factores de salud en cada etapa del proceso de planificaci\u00f3n, la red HEALTHY CITIES puede evaluar y ajustar los impactos urbanos en la salud en todos los contextos de planificaci\u00f3n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Por qu\u00e9 es importante planificar y dise\u00f1ar nuestras ciudades para la salud<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00bfVas en bicicleta o en coche al trabajo? \u00bfTe conectas con tu comunidad o te desplazas a trav\u00e9s de ella? Y cuando te sientes estresado, \u00bfte resulta f\u00e1cil dar un paseo tranquilo por un espacio verde? Con demasiada frecuencia, cuando la gente oye hablar de pol\u00edticas sanitarias, piensa en hospitales. Pero la salud es hol\u00edstica, y el dise\u00f1o de nuestro entorno urbano influye en si las poblaciones necesitan esos hospitales y con qu\u00e9 frecuencia. Los planificadores urbanos seleccionan ubicaciones, dise\u00f1an espacios y colocan servicios, y hay una amplia gama de factores que influyen en la salud de las personas.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.isglobal.org\/evidencia-cientifica-exposiciones-ciudad\">evidencia cient\u00edfica<\/a>&nbsp;para indicar que estos factores tienen un gran impacto en la salud.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.isglobal.org\/en\/home\">ISGLOBAL<\/a>&nbsp;ha identificado la contaminaci\u00f3n del aire, el ruido, el calor y la falta de actividad f\u00edsica o de espacio natural como riesgos para la salud que presenta la vida en la ciudad (v\u00e9ase la figura 1).&nbsp;<strong>La planificaci\u00f3n urbana, sin embargo,&nbsp;<\/strong>No s\u00f3lo pueden mitigar el impacto de esos peligros, sino tambi\u00e9n convertirse en&nbsp;<strong>Una herramienta para generar salud.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cuando se trata del dise\u00f1o de un plan, una pol\u00edtica o una acci\u00f3n urbana, la salud no siempre recibe el espacio que merece en la conversaci\u00f3n.&nbsp;<strong>Los expertos en salud rara vez participan en el desarrollo de planes y pol\u00edticas urbanas.&nbsp;<\/strong>Los m\u00e9dicos, enfermeras y expertos m\u00e9dicos suelen estar muy ocupados con los pacientes, los hospitales y el sistema sanitario. Hay poco margen para participar en la planificaci\u00f3n urbana. Lamentablemente, nuestros sistemas sanitarios suelen ser m\u00e1s reactivos que proactivos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Para adoptar un enfoque proactivo en materia de salud, los planificadores urbanos y los responsables de las pol\u00edticas deber\u00edan utilizar las evaluaciones de impacto sobre la salud (EIS) para comprender mejor el impacto de los diversos factores urbanos en la salud. Sin embargo, las EIS suelen considerarse una actividad complementaria no esencial, en lugar de una medida preventiva clave para mejorar la salud en general. Por otro lado, la falta de participaci\u00f3n de expertos en salud en la implementaci\u00f3n actual de las EIS obstaculiza la eficacia de sus resultados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>C\u00f3mo incluir sistem\u00e1ticamente la salud en la planificaci\u00f3n urbana: el enfoque de Ciudades Saludables<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">HEALTHY CITIES, una red de nueve socios (autoridades locales y de planificaci\u00f3n), est\u00e1 dise\u00f1ando planes de acci\u00f3n integrados que vinculan la planificaci\u00f3n urbana y la salud. A trav\u00e9s de su metodolog\u00eda, la red pretende convertir la planificaci\u00f3n urbana en un generador de salud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La red promueve la salud mediante un enfoque intersectorial y colaborativo con la ayuda de los sistemas de salud tradicionales y de expertos (cuando sea posible). La salud f\u00edsica, social y ambiental es un objetivo unificador para todos los socios y un hilo conductor com\u00fan para todas las pol\u00edticas urbanas. Cada socio ha establecido un grupo local multidisciplinario para planificar y dise\u00f1ar sus \u00e1reas urbanas. Los grupos tienen en cuenta todos los diferentes intereses en juego en el espacio e involucran a expertos en medio ambiente, arquitectos, expertos en salud y personas de grupos de ciudadanos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La red utiliza la herramienta HIA como gu\u00eda para comprender el impacto de los determinantes urbanos en los indicadores de salud. Tambi\u00e9n apoya el enfoque de Salud en todas las Pol\u00edticas (HiaP) y utiliza su propia herramienta de evaluaci\u00f3n de ciudades saludables para obtener los mejores resultados posibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>La evaluaci\u00f3n del impacto en la salud como herramienta integrada<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>\u00bfQu\u00e9 es una evaluaci\u00f3n de impacto en la salud?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cLa evaluaci\u00f3n del impacto en la salud es una&nbsp;<strong>Combinaci\u00f3n de procedimientos, m\u00e9todos y herramientas&nbsp;<\/strong>mediante el cual se puede juzgar una pol\u00edtica, programa o proyecto en cuanto a sus posibles efectos sobre la salud de una poblaci\u00f3n y la distribuci\u00f3n de esos efectos dentro de la poblaci\u00f3n\u201d&nbsp;<\/em>(OMS 1999).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La evaluaci\u00f3n de impacto sobre la salud no es una herramienta nueva. Las primeras directrices se elaboraron a principios de los a\u00f1os 90 y, en 1999, se&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.healthedpartners.org\/ceu\/hia\/hia01\/01_02_gothenburg_paper_on_hia_1999.pdf\">Documento de consenso de Gotemburgo<\/a>&nbsp;Se definieron sus conceptos y enfoques principales. La evaluaci\u00f3n de impacto sobre la salud consta de seis pasos: selecci\u00f3n, determinaci\u00f3n del alcance, evaluaci\u00f3n, recomendaciones, presentaci\u00f3n de informes y seguimiento y evaluaci\u00f3n (explicados en la figura 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lamentablemente, la evaluaci\u00f3n de impacto sobre la salud no es una pr\u00e1ctica habitual en la planificaci\u00f3n urbana. Si bien a\u00f1ade una capa de complejidad al proceso de planificaci\u00f3n, es una herramienta valiosa y flexible que puede ajustarse para satisfacer las necesidades y la experiencia de sus usuarios. Como pr\u00e1ctica, la evaluaci\u00f3n de impacto sobre la salud tiene como objetivo producir un conjunto de recomendaciones basadas en evidencia que maximicen los impactos positivos y minimicen los negativos sobre la salud. Estas se utilizan para informar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones y al p\u00fablico cuando se est\u00e1n considerando pol\u00edticas o planes con un potencial significativo de impacto sobre la salud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La EIS se implementa mejor cuando sus usuarios tambi\u00e9n apoyan el enfoque de Salud en Todas las Pol\u00edticas (HiAP). HiAP considera sistem\u00e1ticamente las implicaciones para la salud en todos los sectores, garantizando el compromiso de los gobiernos con la mejora de la salud y el bienestar. HiAP convierte la salud en un pilar central en diferentes agencias y sectores, impulsando la colaboraci\u00f3n con su m\u00e9todo basado en la evidencia. Adoptar el principio HiAP puede contribuir a que la planificaci\u00f3n urbana sea un factor generador de salud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 hay de novedoso en CIUDADES SALUDABLES?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">HEALTHY CITIES apoya la pr\u00e1ctica de HiAP y utiliza la evaluaci\u00f3n de impacto ambiental para lograr un enfoque integrado de las pr\u00e1cticas de planificaci\u00f3n urbana. Durante el desarrollo de los nueve planes de acci\u00f3n integrados locales, se tienen en cuenta constantemente los aportes de salud y planificaci\u00f3n urbana (figura 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Desde el primer paso de definici\u00f3n de los objetivos, los socios utilizaron la herramienta de evaluaci\u00f3n de ciudades saludables para evaluar y visualizar el impacto de todas las acciones propuestas en la salud (figura 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El&nbsp;<strong>Herramienta de evaluaci\u00f3n de ciudades saludables&nbsp;<\/strong>Permite evaluar r\u00e1pidamente los planes, objetivos y acciones urbanas en funci\u00f3n de su influencia sobre los 16 determinantes urbanos. Calcula autom\u00e1ticamente el impacto potencial de las acciones en la salud, apoyando los procesos de toma de decisiones y demostrando las implicaciones sanitarias de las decisiones de planificaci\u00f3n urbana. Imparte conocimientos a los no expertos en salud y facilita conversaciones interdisciplinarias. La influencia de los determinantes urbanos en la salud puede ser directa (sobre algunos indicadores como las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las enfermedades respiratorias, la diabetes, la depresi\u00f3n, etc.) o indirecta (sobre algunos determinantes de la salud como la actividad f\u00edsica, la dieta, la calidad del aire o la contaminaci\u00f3n ac\u00fastica).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El&nbsp;<strong>Herramienta de evaluaci\u00f3n de ciudades saludables<\/strong>&nbsp;(2020) se basa en una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica que recopila publicaciones cient\u00edficas revisadas por pares que vinculan los determinantes urbanos y su impacto en la salud urbana\u00b9. La herramienta utiliza una matriz de 16 determinantes urbanos y su impacto en 21 indicadores de salud. Fue desarrollada por Marta Rofin Serra, coordinadora de CIUDADES SALUDABLES, urbanista y arquitecta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La metodolog\u00eda CIUDADES SALUDABLES integra un an\u00e1lisis sistem\u00e1tico donde cada paso definido de la EIS apoya tres elementos iterativos: An\u00e1lisis, Planificaci\u00f3n y Dise\u00f1o y Gobernanza (figura 4)<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Este enfoque&nbsp;<strong>Combina la EIA con el Marco para la Planificaci\u00f3n Colaborativa<\/strong>Los tres elementos son necesarios para abordar de manera adecuada y ordenada las cuestiones relacionadas con la planificaci\u00f3n urbana y pasar de un desaf\u00edo a un resultado de dise\u00f1o mediante un enfoque colaborativo. B\u00e1sicamente, este enfoque organiza la evaluaci\u00f3n de impacto ambiental para que se ajuste mejor al prop\u00f3sito de la planificaci\u00f3n urbana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>An\u00e1lisis<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Su objetivo es establecer hechos y analizar, definir o reformular y abordar problemas.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Planificaci\u00f3n y dise\u00f1o<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/td><td>Su objetivo es crear im\u00e1genes y desarrollar, analizar, discutir y proponer soluciones y estrategias.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Gobernancia<\/strong><\/td><td>Implica que los participantes discutan y definan sus ambiciones para crear conocimiento socialmente construido y resaltar las ambiciones y los roles de las partes interesadas con respecto al proyecto de desarrollo y la pol\u00edtica en general.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 sigue?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El enfoque integrado propuesto por HEALTHY CITIES no tiene como objetivo determinar, sino apoyar, una mejor toma de decisiones en el desarrollo de planes de acci\u00f3n integrados. Los nueve socios seguir\u00e1n debatiendo y probando todas las herramientas y enfoques. A medida que el proyecto evolucione, se publicar\u00e1n m\u00e1s resultados relacionados con el enfoque integrado y su eficacia en la planificaci\u00f3n y el dise\u00f1o de una ciudad m\u00e1s saludable. El objetivo de la red es hacer de la planificaci\u00f3n urbana un generador de salud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En Bax &amp; Company, hemos apoyado a la red CIUDADES SALUDABLES en su camino hacia una planificaci\u00f3n urbana m\u00e1s saludable. Si le interesa explorar maneras de mejorar la habitabilidad y la sostenibilidad de su ciudad, contacte con uno de los miembros de nuestro equipo a continuaci\u00f3n para obtener m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Referencias:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00b9&nbsp;<em>Puig-Ribera A, Bort-Roig J, Rofin M, Garc\u00eda-Cuy\u00e1s F, Geli M, Chamorro C, Perona-Ribes L, Cervantes P, Torrent\u00f3 J, del Val R, Palmero F. (2018). Planificaci\u00f3n de entornos urbanos locales para la promoci\u00f3n de la salud en Vic (Barcelona): un enfoque integral. Revista Europea de Salud P\u00fablica; 28 (suplemento 4): 208.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><sup>2&nbsp;<\/sup><\/em><em>van Herk S., Zevenbergen C., Ashley R., Rijke J., Alianzas de aprendizaje y acci\u00f3n para la integraci\u00f3n de la gesti\u00f3n del riesgo de inundaciones en la planificaci\u00f3n urbana: un nuevo marco a partir de evidencia emp\u00edrica de los Pa\u00edses Bajos, Environmental Science &amp; Policy, Volumen 14, N\u00famero 5, 2011.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Esta publicaci\u00f3n fue escrita originalmente por Sebastiaan van Herk (experto principal), Sofia Aivalioti y Marta Rofin Serra (coordinadora de CIUDADES SALUDABLES) para el\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/urbact.eu\/networks\/healthy-cities\"><em>Red de Ciudades Saludables URBACT<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Almost all urban planning policies and actions have an impact on human health. Think busy, polluting roads, unwalkable streets, or access to shops selling fresh fruit and vegetables. By baking health factors into every stage of the planning process, the HEALTHY CITIES network is able to assess and adjust urban impacts on health in all [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":220852137,"featured_media":5300,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1477,1469],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5296","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-other-publications","category-publications"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.9 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Almost all urban planning policies and actions have an impact on human health. 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Low-carbon transport policies in urban areas have the potential to lower air pollution levels, which are associated with various health issues, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, while encouraging physical activity with active\u2026","rel":"","context":"En \u00abOther publications\u00bb","block_context":{"text":"Other publications","link":"https:\/\/healthy-cities.com\/es\/category\/publications\/other-publications\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/healthy-cities.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Captura-de-pantalla-2025-12-10-a-les-10.32.25-e1765370594517.png?fit=646%2C709&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/healthy-cities.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Captura-de-pantalla-2025-12-10-a-les-10.32.25-e1765370594517.png?fit=646%2C709&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/healthy-cities.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Captura-de-pantalla-2025-12-10-a-les-10.32.25-e1765370594517.png?fit=646%2C709&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1616,"url":"https:\/\/healthy-cities.com\/es\/2021\/02\/04\/urban-health-the-new-core-skill-for-urban-planners\/","url_meta":{"origin":5296,"position":5},"title":"Salud urbana: la nueva competencia fundamental para los planificadores urbanos","author":"healthycitiesgenerator","date":"4th febrero 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Client: UN-HABITATYear: 2021The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed weaknesses in our urban development model. Over the last five decades, our focus on making cities appealing for the global market has overshadowed the core principles of creating safe and nurturing habitats for residents. 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